two years, apart from 2010, in which aerial images were used to record glacier positions.
[1]
(c)
one reason why glaciers in the Öræfajökull region may retreat at different rates despite being in the same general climate zone.
[2]
(d)
two ways in which historical data on glacier retreat, such as that shown for Öræfajökull, can help scientists assess the long-term impacts of climate change.
[6]
(e)
how variations in glacier retreat across a single ice cap system can inform understanding of physical geography and climate interactions.
[10]
(f)
the advantages and limitations of using historical glacier extent maps as evidence of environmental change.
[10]
SL & HLPaper 1
The map below shows Permafrost Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.
Source: the International Association for Permafrost Science on the Basis of Summarized Observation Data.
(a)
one region where continuous permafrost is dominant.
[1]
(b)
the classification of permafrost found across most of Scandinavia.
[1]
SL & HLPaper 1
The graph below shows the typical distribution of on-the-ground actions across global biomes and anthromes.
Source: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
(a)
the biome in which 'grazing and fire management' is commonly practiced.
[1]
(b)
one anthrome where 'integrated crop–soil–water management' is applied.
[1]
SL & HLPaper 1
The graph shows dryland categories across geographical areas (continents and the Pacific region).
Source: TerraClimate precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (1980–2015) (Abatzoglou et al. (2018))
(a)
Using the graph, the continent with the largest absolute area classified as hyper-arid.
[1]
(b)
Using the graph, the aridity classification that occupies the largest absolute land area in Asia.
[1]
SL & HLPaper 1
The map below shows the geographical distribution of drylands, delimited based on the aridity index (AI).
Source: Abatzoglou et al. (2018)
(a)
one region shown on the map that is classified as hyper-arid.
[1]
(b)
the climate classification located just south of the hyper-arid zone in the Sahel region.
Practice IB Geography Topic C.4 Extreme Environments Futures with authentic exam-style questions for both SL and HL students. This question bank focuses on the exact syllabus content for C.4 Extreme Environments Futures and mirrors Paper 1, 2, 3 style where relevant.
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(c)
one physical factor that explains the fragmented permafrost pattern in parts of Central Asia.
[2]
(d)
two ways in which thawing permafrost can pose environmental and geopolitical risks.
[6]
(e)
the challenges of monitoring and managing permafrost change in the context of climate uncertainty.
[10]
(f)
the significance of permafrost degradation in influencing future global climate patterns.
[10]
(c)
one reason why land management strategies differ between wildlands and dense settlements in drylands.
[2]
(d)
two ways in which sustainable land management (SLM) practices help reduce the impacts of desertification in dryland biomes.
[6]
(e)
the effectiveness of different strategies used to reduce the impacts of desertification.
[10]
(f)
the importance of integrating local and scientific knowledge in the sustainable management of drylands.
[10]
(c)
one reason why Australia has a high proportion of arid and semi-arid land.
[2]
(d)
two ways aridity levels affect population distribution across continents.
[6]
(e)
the human and physical factors that influence the location of hot arid environments.
[10]
(f)
how sustainable management strategies can reduce the risks associated with desertification in semi-arid regions.
[10]
(c)
one reason why semi-arid environments are particularly vulnerable to desertification.
[2]
(d)
two characteristics of arid or hyper-arid environments that limit human development.
[6]
(e)
how different types of extreme environments pose challenges to resource development.
[10]
(f)
the extent to which technology can overcome the limitations of extreme environments.
