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How does South Korea's economic trajectory since the 1960s support W.W. Rostow's Modernization Theory?

| South Korea transitioned linearly from a poor, rural society through industrialisation, education expansion, and capitalism to a high-income nation, mirroring Rostow's five linear stages of growth. | | How would a modernization theorist explain the primary cause of underdevelopment in a country like South Korea in the 1950s? | Underdevelopment is caused by internal barriers (such as traditional values, lack of capital, weak institutions, and low education) rather than external exploitation. | | How does Andre Gunder Frank's Dependency Theory explain Zambia's persistent poverty despite its rich copper reserves? | Zambia is locked into a core-periphery relationship where it exports cheap raw materials (copper) to core nations and imports expensive manufactured goods, leaving it vulnerable to unfair trade terms and foreign profit extraction. | |

Why do successful East Asian economies like South Korea or Vietnam pose a challenge to Dependency Theory's core-periphery model?

| They escaped peripheral status through strategic engagement with global capitalism rather than "delinking" from it, showing peripheral states are not merely passive victims. | | Immanuel Wallerstein expanded dependency theory into the world-systems theory, which divides the global economy into the high-value core (e.g., US, Western Europe), the resource-providing periphery, and the intermediate semi-periphery (e.g., India, Brazil). | Immanuel Wallerstein expanded dependency theory into the world-systems theory, which divides the global economy into the high-value core (e.g., US, Western Europe), the resource-providing periphery, and the intermediate semi-periphery (e.g., India, Brazil). | | How would a dependency theorist and a neoliberal economist differ on the solution to Zambia's economic dependence on copper exports? |

Dependency theorist: Advocate for delinking from global markets, nationalising mines, and implementing import substitution.
Neoliberal economist: Advocate for privatisation, deregulation, and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI).

| | The policy package of fiscal discipline, privatisation, and trade liberalisation imposed on developing countries by the IMF and World Bank from the 1980s is known as the Washington Consensus, implemented via conditional loans called Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs). | The policy package of fiscal discipline, privatisation, and trade liberalisation imposed on developing countries by the IMF and World Bank from the 1980s is known as the Washington Consensus, implemented via conditional loans called Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs). | | How did the implementation of neoliberal Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in the Global South during the 1980s and 1990s affect public services? | Conditional loan terms forced governments to cut public spending, leading to weakened public services (education, healthcare) and rising inequality. | | How do defenders of neoliberalism use the cases of China and India to support market liberalisation? | Both countries experienced massive poverty reduction and rapid GDP growth after opening their economies to global trade and market reforms. | | How does Amartya Sen's Capability Approach redefine development, using the case of girls' education in Afghanistan under Taliban rule? | Development is the expansion of real freedoms (capabilities) to choose. Even if a school building exists, girls lack development if political/social restrictions deny them the freedom to attend. | | Inspired by Amartya Sen, Mahbub ul Haq created the UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI) in 1990, which measures development using three dimensions: health (life expectancy), education, and standard of living (GNI per capita). | Inspired by Amartya Sen, Mahbub ul Haq created the UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI) in 1990, which measures development using three dimensions: health (life expectancy), education, and standard of living (GNI per capita). | | Why do countries like Cuba or the Indian state of Kerala challenge the traditional GDP-based measure of development? | They achieve high human development outcomes (high life expectancy and literacy) despite having modest GDPs per capita, showing economic growth does not automatically equal human welfare. | | How does the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh demonstrate the mechanism of grassroots (bottom-up) development? | It pioneered microcredit (small, collateral-free loans) to empower poor women to start local businesses, bypassing top-down state or international aid structures. | | What is a major structural limitation of grassroots development projects like the Grameen Bank's microcredit scheme? | They are too small-scale to resolve macro-structural issues like unfair international trade rules, national infrastructure deficits, or systemic state corruption. | |

How does the Indian state of Kerala demonstrate a hybrid model of top-down and bottom-up development?

| It combines state-level, top-down redistribution and investment in health and education with strong bottom-up, local democratic participation in resource allocation. | | How does Arturo Escobar's post-development critique apply to Western-led aid projects in the Global South? | He argues they treat "underdevelopment" as a technical problem requiring Western expertise, which imposes Eurocentric values and reproduces colonial power dynamics by dismissing local knowledge. | | How does Bolivia's constitutional integration of "buen vivir" (living well) represent a post-development approach? | It rejects GDP-centric growth, instead enshrining indigenous values of harmony with nature (Pachamama) and collective wellbeing as the core definition of progress. | | What practical contradiction did Bolivia face when implementing "buen vivir" alongside its state social programmes? | To fund the social programmes that reduced poverty, Bolivia relied on extractivism (natural gas and lithium mining), which directly clashed with its constitutional commitment to protect nature. | | The Brundtland Commission (1987) defined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. | The Brundtland Commission (1987) defined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. | | Why do degrowth advocates argue that "green growth" initiatives (like the European Green Deal) are fundamentally flawed? | They argue that infinite economic growth on a finite planet is a physical impossibility, and that absolute decoupling of GDP growth from resource use cannot happen fast enough to prevent ecological collapse. | | How does the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" address the tension between industrialising nations (like India) and wealthy nations over climate action? | It establishes that while all nations must address climate change, wealthy nations must bear more responsibility because they built their wealth on historical fossil fuel emissions. | | How does India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) demonstrate a rights-based approach to development? | It transforms development from charity into a legally enforceable entitlement, guaranteeing rural households 100 days of paid work annually and allowing citizens to hold the state legally accountable. | |

| High inequality (41-50) | |

| Moderate inequality (30-40) | |

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IB Global Politics Approaches to Development and Sustainability Flashcards

Core: Understanding power and global politics

Framing Global Politics13 subtopics

Power2 subtopics

Sovereignty4 subtopics

Legitimacy3 subtopics

Interdependence4 subtopics

Theoretical perspectives 3 subtopics

Rights and Justice

Contested Meanings of Rights and Justice5 subtopics

Interactions of Political Stakeholders and Actors4 subtopics

Nature, Practice and Study of Rights and Justice3 subtopics

Debates on Rights and Justice5 subtopics

Development and Sustainability

Contested Meanings of Development and Sustainability6 subtopics

Interactions of Political Stakeholders and Actors4 subtopics

Nature, Practice and Study of Development and Sustainability4 subtopics

Debates on Development and Sustainability3 subtopics

Peace and Conflict

Contested Meanings of Peace and Conflict5 subtopics

Interactions of Political Stakeholders and Actors3 subtopics

Nature, Practice and Study of Conflict4 subtopics

Debates on Peace and Conflict6 subtopics

IB Global Politics Approaches to Development and Sustainability Flashcards

Core: Understanding power and global politics

Framing Global Politics13 subtopics

Power2 subtopics

Sovereignty4 subtopics

Legitimacy3 subtopics

Interdependence4 subtopics

Theoretical perspectives 3 subtopics

Rights and Justice

Contested Meanings of Rights and Justice5 subtopics

Interactions of Political Stakeholders and Actors4 subtopics

Nature, Practice and Study of Rights and Justice3 subtopics

Debates on Rights and Justice5 subtopics

Development and Sustainability

Contested Meanings of Development and Sustainability6 subtopics

Interactions of Political Stakeholders and Actors4 subtopics

Nature, Practice and Study of Development and Sustainability4 subtopics

Debates on Development and Sustainability3 subtopics

Peace and Conflict

Contested Meanings of Peace and Conflict5 subtopics

Interactions of Political Stakeholders and Actors3 subtopics

Nature, Practice and Study of Conflict4 subtopics

Debates on Peace and Conflict6 subtopics

Flashcards for

Flashcards for Approaches to Development and Sustainability - IB