Marked beetles were released at R. The map shows the recapture. Which change best reduces bias in the Lincoln estimate?

Marked beetles were released at R. The map shows the recapture. Which change best reduces bias in the Lincoln estimate?

To obtain 20 non-empty quadrats, a student rejects quadrats without daisies. Which evaluation is supported?
| Field | Mean daisies per accepted quadrat | Empty quadrats rejected |
|---|---|---|
| X | 18 | 2 |
| Y | 14 |
A bacterium and fungus co-occur less than expected (χ² p=0.02). Which combination supports antibiotic-mediated competition at 5% significance?
Culture P received water, mineral ions and CO₂ but no organic carbon. Which conclusion is supported?
Figure 1 shows how the numbers of a predator and its prey in a community changed over several years. Both populations oscillate, but their peaks do not coincide.
Figure 1: Out-of-phase oscillations of a predator and its prey

Practice IB Biology Topic C4.1 Populations and Communities with authentic exam-style questions for both SL and HL students. This question bank focuses on the exact syllabus content for C4.1 Populations and Communities and mirrors Paper 1A, 1B, 2 style where relevant.
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| 10 |
| Condition | Biomass change / mg | CO₂ change / units |
|---|
| light | +24 | −8 |
| dark | −2 | +1 |