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A - Unity and Diversity
A1.1 Water
A1.2 Nucleic acids
A2.1 Origins of cells (HL)
A2.2 Cell structure
A2.3 Viruses (HL)
A3.1 Diversity of organisms
A3.2 Classification and cladistics (HL)
A4.1 Evolution and speciation
A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity
B - Form and Function
B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids
B1.2 Proteins
B2.1 Membranes and membrane transport
B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalization
B2.3 Cell specialization
B3.1 Gas exchange
B3.2 Transport
B3.3 Muscle and motility (HL)
B4.1 Adaptation to environment
B4.2 Ecological niches
C - Interaction and Interdependence
C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism
C1.2 Cell respiration
C1.3 Photosynthesis
C2.1 Chemical signalling (HL)
C2.2 Neural signalling
C3.1 Integration of body systems
C3.2 Defense against disease
C4.1 Populations and communities
C4.2 Transfer of energy and matter
D - Continuity and Change
D1.1 DNA replication
D1.2 Protein synthesis
D1.3 Mutations and gene editing
D2.1 Cell and nuclear division
D2.2 Gene expression (HL)
D2.3 Water potential
D3.1 Reproduction
D3.2 Inheritance
D3.3 Homeostasis
D4.1 Natural selection
D4.2 Sustainability and change
D4.3 Climate change
Browse summary cheatsheets for
C4.1.1 Populations
4 minute read
C4.1.2 Estimation of population size by random sampling
7 minute read
C4.1.3 Random quadrat sampling to estimate population size for sessile organisms
C4.1.4 Capture–mark–release–recapture and the Lincoln index
C4.1.5 Carrying capacity and competition for limited resources
8 minute read
C4.1.6 Negative feedback control of population size by density-dependent factors
C4.1.7 Population growth curves
C4.1.8 Modelling of the sigmoid population growth curve
6 minute read
C4.1.9 Competition versus cooperation in intraspecific relationships
C4.1.10 A community as all of the interacting organisms in an ecosystem
5 minute read
C4.1.11 Herbivory, predation, interspecific competition, mutualism, parasitism and pathogenicity
C4.1.12 Mutualism as an interspecific relationship that benefits both species
C4.1.13 Resource competition between endemic and invasive species
12 minute read
C4.1.14 Tests for interspecific competition
10 minute read
C4.1.15 Use of the chi-squared test for association between two species
C4.1.16 Predator–prey relationships
C4.1.17 Top-down and bottom-up control of populations in communities
C4.1.18 Allelopathy and secretion of antibiotics
C4.1 Populations and Communities