MYP Biology Cells Key Definitions

The sequence of events that a cell goes through from one division to the next. Cells alternate between growing (interphase) and dividing.

The process by which one cell splits into two daughter cells. This is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction.

A selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that surrounds all cells, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

A rigid structural layer composed primarily of cellulose (in plants) that surrounds the cell membrane, providing mechanical support and protection.

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and algae containing chlorophyll, which are the site of photosynthesis.

The aqueous, gel-like substance enclosed by the cell membrane that contains all organelles, dissolved nutrients, enzymes, and where many metabolic reactions occur.

The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function, involving changes in structure and which genes are expressed.

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient, as a result of random movement.

Cells that contain one set of chromosomes.

Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that carry the same types of genes.

A solution with lower water concentration than the cell contents (more concentrated). Water moves out of the cell by osmosis.

A solution with higher water concentration than the cell contents (more dilute). Water moves into the cell by osmosis.

Random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase, creating varied chromosome combinations.

A solution with the same water concentration as the cell contents. No net water movement occurs.

A type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid cells, each containing half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

Organelles enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer membrane that creates a separate internal environment from the cytoplasm.

Double-membrane-bound organelles that are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, converting glucose and oxygen into ATP (usable energy).

A type of cell division used for growth and repair that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A temporary copy of a gene used to carry instructions to the ribosome.

A membrane-bound organelle containing chromosomes (DNA) and a nucleolus, which controls cellular activities by regulating gene expression and protein synthesis.

Discrete structures within a cell that have specific shapes and perform specialized functions.

Membrane-bound or non-membrane-bound structures within a cell that perform specific, specialized functions essential for cellular processes.

The net movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration (dilute solution) to an area of lower water concentration (concentrated solution), across a partially permeable membrane.

The point where chromosome number is halved.