Online platforms are used to publish political views, organize collective action, raise funds, document events and influence public debate. However, the same platforms can enable surveillance, misinformation, harassment and unequal control over political expression.
This is HL-only content within 5.2 Governance and human rights, particularly participation and representation. Platforms combine digital media, networks and the internet, data and algorithms to connect political messages with audiences.
| Use of platforms | Mechanism and significance |
|---|---|
| Political expression | Users publish posts, videos, livestreams and commentary without relying entirely on traditional media organizations. |
| Mobilization | Hashtags, group messaging and event tools coordinate demonstrations, petitions, boycotts and fundraising. |
| Documentation | Smartphones and platforms allow participants to record events and distribute evidence rapidly. |
| Network building | Activists connect local movements with journalists, organizations and international supporters. |
| Political influence | Recommendation algorithms and targeted advertising can increase a message's reach, although platform design may privilege engaging or polarizing content. |
System: During Nigeria's 2020 #EndSARS movement, Twitter, now X, functioned as a networked media platform through which users created, distributed and amplified information.
Example specifics: Activists used the #EndSARS hashtag to publicize allegations of police abuse, coordinate protest information and attract international attention. Groups including the Feminist Coalition also used digital communication and payment systems to support protesters.
Impacts and implications: The movement gained visibility and resources, while citizens could participate outside established political institutions. However, future risks include state surveillance, misleading information, online harassment and dependence on privately controlled moderation and recommendation systems.
The example reveals unequal power between activists, governments and platform companies. It also shows how a connected system can produce both intended mobilization and unintended harm.
Exam technique: For a command term such as discuss, present a balanced argument involving at least two stakeholder groups. Distinguish demonstrated impacts from future implications, and explain a specific real-world example rather than merely naming a platform.
